United States

Rehumanizing the Other: Empathy and Reconciliation

Jodi Halpern
Harvey Weinstein
2004

The health effects of intra-ethnic conflict include hatred and fear among neighbors and friends who have become enemies. The dehumanization of specific groups through concomitant stereotyping does not stop when conflicts end. The inability to see former enemies as real people impedes reconciliation. While much attention has been paid to the reconstruction of infrastructure and the establishment of rule of law, little thought has been given to what is required at the day to day level in order to restore a sense of interpersonal security. To reverse the destruction of social and...

Bremer’s ‘Gordian Knot’: Transitional Justice and US Occupation of Iraq

Eric Stover
Hanny Megally
Hania Mufti
2005

Shortly after the US invasion and occupation of Iraq, L. Paul Bremer III, in his capacity as the chief administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), introduced several transitional justice mechanisms that set the course for how Iraqis would confront the legacy of past crimes for years to come. In developing these mechanisms, Bremer consulted with a select group of Iraqi exiles that had returned to Iraq or were still living abroad. However, he failed to solicit the opinions and attitudes of the Iraqi people as a whole. He also failed to consult many of the governmental...

Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States

Eric Stover
Laurel Fletcher
Kevin Bales
2004

Forced labor is a serious and pervasive problem in the United States. At any given time ten thousand or more people work as forced laborers in scores of cities and towns across the country. And it is likely that the actual number is much higher, possibly reaching into the tens of thousands. Because forced labor is hidden, inhumane, widespread, and criminal, sustained and coordinated efforts by U.S. law enforcement, social service providers, and the general public are needed to expose and eradicate this illicit trade.

This report documents the nature and scope of forced labor in the...

School Voices: Challenges Facing Education Systems after Identity-Based Conflicts

Harvey Weinstein
Sarah Warshauer Freedman
Holly Hughson
2007
We describe our research on the role of education in the social reconstruction of countries after mass conflict. Our studies focus on the voices of those least heard in the discourse--teachers, students, administrators and parents. We examine schools in four societies that experienced profound violence, ethnic cleansing and genocide during the 1990s--Croatia, the UN-administered province of Kosovo in Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Rwanda. We question the assumptions that underlie current practice such as a narrow focus on emergency interventions, conflict resolution, peace...

Living in Religious Time and Space: Iraqi Refugees in Dearborn, Michigan

Marwa Shoeb
Harvey Weinstein
Jodi Halpern
2007

Mental health assessments of refugees during and after conflict have relied heavily on Western psychiatric constructs and standardized scales, despite the overwhelmingly non-Western backgrounds of most survivors of contemporary wars. A strict dependence on the paradigms and language of Western psychiatry risks inappropriately prioritizing syndromes, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, which, however important, are eclipsed by the concerns of local populations for whom indigenous idioms of distress may be more salient. Working in Dearborn, Michigan, home to the largest population...

Rebuilding After Katrina: A Population-Based Study of Labor and Human Rights in New Orleans

Eric Stover
Laurel E. Fletcher
Phuong Pham
Patrick Vinck
2008

Against the background of reports of abuse during the cleanup efforts after Hurricane Katrina—coupled with the easing of labor regulations, virtually no monitoring of construction sites, and the city’s lack of adequate housing and healthcare—this report a study conducted on the situation of both documented and undocumented construction workers in New Orleans.

With the International Human Rights Law Clinic...

Inequalities and Prospects: Ethnicity and Legal Status in the Construction Labor Force After Hurricane Katrina

Phuong Pham
Patrick Vinck
Laurel Fletcher
Eric Stover
2009

The arrival of Latino immigrant workers and the weakening of federal labor regulations after Hurricane Katrina raised concerns about labor conditions and workers’ rights. We carried out a survey of workers at 212 randomly selected addresses in the city of New Orleans, successfully interviewing 212 out of 351 workers approached (40% refusal rate). Workers were asked about their demographic, employment, and health characteristics, as well as violations of human rights they may have experienced. The survey was supplemented with in-depth qualitative interviews with Latino workers and key...

he Cumulative Effect: A Medico-Legal Approach to United States Torture Law and Policy

Alexa Koenig
Eric Stover
Laurel Fletcher
2009

In the weeks following the events of September 11, 2001, the Bush administration granted the CIA authority to set up detention facilities known as ‘black sites’ outside the United States, and to employ new interrogation procedures on suspected terrorists taken into custody. Recently released legal memoranda by the US Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel condoned the use of several interrogation techniques (such as waterboarding and prolonged sleep deprivation), which the US itself had previously condemned as torture. This paper examines the legal rationalisations the Bush...

Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States

Kevin Bales
Laurel Fletcher
Eric Stover
2004

With Free the Slaves

This report documents the nature and scope of forced labor in the United States from January 1998 to December 2003. It is the first study to examine the numbers, demographic characteristics, and origins of victims and perpetrators of forced labor in the United States and the adequacy of the U.S. response to this growing problem since the enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000.